We Rise to Salute "Risen"

“Hail, Caesar!” tells you how to live as a Christian, while “Risen” brings you to faith.

Colombia, LD Entertainment, and Sony’s Affirm Film’s “Risen” is like an ancient detective story, in particular a police procedural. The Tribune comes in after the murder has taken place, in this case an execution. His first task is to keep order. It looks like an open and shut case. Then comes the first twist. His superiors suspect there will be foul play to the body. Now the detective sets up his security detail to make sure this doesn’t happen. When it does, the hunt for truth begins. He starts with subpoenaing witnesses, shaking down the truth out of them as best as possible. The Tribune is given a hypothesis by his superiors, the priests and the prefect. So now we have a classic mystery: there is an uneasy peace, then there is a disruption of that, then a hypothesis of what happened, then there is a hunt for the culprits, then the detective realizes things are not as they seem. The inspector has to change his hypothesis to restore order and that changes his life.

Like the best of the hard-boiled mystery stories, this account is very gritty and very realistic, far more realistic than many other stories of the ancient world, even “Gladiator” and “Eagle.” The whole movie is portrayed in greys and tans, stony, dusty and dirty. You feel like you have dirt embedded under your fingernails when you exit the theater. Like the protagonist Jake in Chinatown, our detective gets an injury, in this case a busted lip. This he carries through the whole account. The robes look like they have not been washed for weeks. The hand to hand combat appears quite accurate, with an effective use of the Roman shields as a “turtle.” The battles are violent but the gore is left off-screen, unlike “The Passion of Christ.” The search for Jesus’s body among rotting corpses was probably an historical accuracy that few of us have imagined. So, the realism is more like in some European films, rather than in American ones, where ancient days are often stylized.

There is a decided lack of women in the film. There are only two that come in as witnesses. Mary Magdalen is considered a former prostitute (a mistaken reading of Luke 7 and 8). A blind disciple, named Miriam, appears, but no others. “Risen” is a manly movie. Here there is no overly spiritualized Jesus who needs to be helped out of the boat, as in Zeffirelli’s “Jesus of Nazareth.” The story begins with a battle, is gritty throughout, and focuses on the men. It would be ideal for a Promise Keepers gathering. Nevertheless, women too can be attracted to the inviting Jesus and to some powerful scenes (the effect of God’s presence upon the Romans, from the centurion at the cross to the guards at the resurrection to the Tribune himself confronting his subordinate) and to the quest for truth. These are outstanding instances of movie making.

In contrast to the Romans’ severe, ego-centric, avaricious ambition, Jesus and consequently his eleven disciples are relaxed and loving. Jesus welcomes all: “There are no enemies here,” he assures the Roman Tribune and us viewers. The Tribune repeats this and it symbolizes the love of God counteracting violence.

While “Risen” is not for small children, it will put you there in the ancient world like few movies on Jesus have done. Through skillful use of symbolism, consummate writing, directing, acting, and producing, this film will leave you at the end identifying with the Tribune, working out your own salvation with fear and trembling because the Son of God is at work in your midst.

Aída and Bill

We Hail "Hail, Caesar!"

This is a great movie, a refreshing one, the kind of movie we don’t regret laying down our hard-to-come-by dollars to see, one we can enjoy thoroughly on the spot, and then have something of value to take away with us.  If you don’t get anything else out of our review, or, if you stop reading with this sentence, just take this with you: the Coen Brothers have hit the jackpot with this one.  They’ve done something very hard to do: they have actually managed to portray a character who is good, not just innocent, but good.

Simone Weil, the profound French Christian thinker who sacrificed her own life identifying with the plight of her fellow Jews who were suffering in WWII concentration camps, observed in her essay “Morality and Literature”:  “Nothing is so beautiful and wonderful, nothing is so continually refreshing and surprising, so full of sweet and perpetual ecstasy, as the good.  No desert is so dreary, monotonous, and boring as evil.  This is the truth about authentic good and evil.  With fictional good and evil it is the other way around.  Fictional good is boring and flat, while fictional evil is varied and intriguing, attractive, profound, and full of charm.”[1] Depicting good accurately is the challenge before all artists.

Portraying goodness is not to be confused with depicting innocence.  “Hail, Caesar!” also beautifully portrays innocence in the character of Hobie Doyle, a western star catapulted wide-eyed with wonder into a dramatic role, played with style, grace, and an engaging bonhomie by Alden Ehrenreich. Innocence, however, can be corrupted, but goodness has made its choice. 

Across the board the acting is first rate in all the supporting roles (no ringers in this film), led by the versatile George Clooney, who turns in a convincing imitation of shallow in his deft portrayal of Autolicus[2] (the name suggests auto-localized, or self-absorbed).  But the real focus, as the voiceover reveals (while it, along with the lighting and photography) helps deliver the gritty nostalgic feel of the past’s B-level movie frame of comic film noir around the making of an A-level project, is Josh Brolin’s Eddie Mannix, according to the film’s website, “ A studio fixer with an endless supply of problems to fix, Eddie’s work is never done. Whether bribing the cops to prevent one of his stars from being hauled in on a morals charge or ensuring an epic picture doesn’t tank, the devoted husband may have two kids at home…but he has many more children to wrangle on the lot.”  What this doesn’t say is that Josh Brolin’s Oscar-level performance as protagonist Eddie Mannix conveys a studio executive with a deep and abiding faith in Jesus who may be jaded with the behavior of his actors but still maintains faith in the value of the film he is helping them create, an epic on the life of Christ as seen through the eyes of a Victor Mature-type Roman soldier.  A daily attender of confession, who even wears out his priest with his laundry list of minor sins (with confessions like “I lied to my wife and smoked one – no, maybe two cigarettes), Eddie’s faithful check-in every 24-27 hours is essential for him to keep himself on a personally virtuous course, for, as the studio fixer, he must set the tone of morality for all these morally bankrupt, or at least salvage their reputations as family-friendly, even if that means bribing the police to look the other way as he rescues a starlet from destroying her career by posing for “French postcards,” or slapping around a recalcitrant actor whose McCarthy era misjudgment may destroy the entire film.  His is a real, devout, and lived-out faith in God and goodness contextualized in the real world – delivered with just the right measure of sincere, flawed, fervent orthodoxy – or as close as he can stumble into it.

Much of the credit for this accomplishment, of course, goes to the writing, directing, and producing of this movie, all in the hands of Joel and Ethan Coen, whose award-winning films like “Brother, Where Art Thou?” had well integrated religious tones.  In “Hail, Caesar!” they support the honoring of faith in God right up to a closing sign glimpsed in the final shot on a water tower in the distance – and, even beyond that, to the ironic announcement at the end of the credits in place of the usual announcement that no animal has been hurt in the making of this film: the assurance that no depiction of God has been made in this movie.

Such comic under-cuttings continually keep this film from becoming pretentious or maudlin by taking itself too seriously, and, yet, the humor relief is so well done that, when we in the audience are through laughing, we are left with an after-thought that highlights the sober fact that every endeavor that seeks to influence people is serious business and must be held accountable for what it conveys.  For Eddie Mannix, the usual fatuous ploy – “Well, if you don’t like what we do or show, just turn it off or leave the theater!” – is not an option.  He knows the impact on the public of immoral behavior and immoral films and he works very hard to beat something of moral value he can be proud to show his own family out of these self-absorbed, morally clueless thespians and directors and the parasites and piranha that swim hungrily around them.

Even the villains in this movie are sympathetically portrayed.  What motivates them is explained and they are all likeable pawns, deluded by forces so sinister not one them apprehends, understands, or even glimpses the real intentions beyond the theoretical hoopla the intelligentsia churns out or the chilling reality the arms manufacturers present as inevitable destiny.  In all this flux, Eddie Mannix’s job is to understand and to control the damage done in his own sphere of influence and the film’s tension is about whether or not he can continue to accept this taxing responsibility as a mission for his life.  

The central message that we, as viewers, take away from this film is that of Deuteronomy 6:18: “Do what is right and good in the sight of the Lord, so that it may go well with you.”  God wants each of us to do the right thing at each moment of our lives and there is no message greater that each one of us needs to hear in today’s morally stumbling world. 

We hail “Hail, Caesar!” – and even think the nearly implacable Simone Weil would have enjoyed this film and found it worthwhile. 

           Bill and Aίda

p.s. Those who want to read an enjoyable book of sometimes chilling but ultimately uplifting real life experiences of those surviving the temptations of Hollywood to create the current Hollywood spiritual and moral revival, please watch for Jeanne DeFazio and Bill’s forthcoming book (due this spring), Redeeming the Screens, from the House of Prisca and Aquila series of Wipf and Stock Publishers (available on the House of Prisca Aquila website, Wipf and Stock’s website, Amazon, Barnes and Noble, etc.).

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[1] You can find this quotation and similar wisdom both in this essay and “On the Responsibility of Writers” collected in The Simone Weil Reader, ed. George A. Panichas (Mount Kisco, NY: Moyer Bell, 1977).  This quotation is on page 290.

[2] Please note: spelling not able to be confirmed.

The Mystery of David Jang (Jang Jae-Hyung)

Guest blog by Martin Zhang

Why A Mystery?

David (Jae-Hyung) Jang is an influential yet controversial figure especially in Eastern Christianity. On the one hand, he is the founder and international president of Olivet University (OU), a professor of theology at Olivet Theological College and Seminary (OTCS), the 88^th president of Denomination General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Korea, founder of Christian Today, Christian Daily Korea, Christianity Daily, founding team member and former senior advisor of the Christian Post, North American Council Member of the World Evangelical Alliance (WEA), president of the Holy Bible Society (HBS) and president of the World Olivet Assembly (WOA).[1] He is a very distinguished and industrious religious leader.

On the other hand, sources show that David Jang was a follower of Sun-Myung Moon for 31 years, and was a major leader of the Unification Church (UC) until 1998, in which year he resigned as professor of Sun Moon University. Moreover, former members of his present group, the Young Disciples of Christ or the Davidian Community, have testified that they were given lectures and eventually led to confess David Jang is the “Second Coming Christ.”

No evidence shows that David Jang himself has claimed publicly to be the “Second Coming Christ,” and he himself has also denied that he has claimed to be the “Second Coming Christ.”[2] However, witnesses from Korea, Japan, China, Singapore and America are unanimously pointing to one thing: Some followers of David Jang induce people to confess that David Jang is the Second Coming Christ.

What’s the Possible Fact behind the Controversy?

What, then, is the fact lying behind the controversy? There are at least three possibilities: 1) All those former members are either telling the truth or lying; 2) David Jang is either telling the truth or skillfully lying (he did not explicitly claim publicly, but privately accepts his followers’ teaching); and 3) both the former members and David Jang are telling the truth and neither is lying (only some of David Jang’s followers are teaching heretical doctrines which are neither created by nor known to him).

Possibility One

First, let us examine the testimonies of the former members. These witnesses claim that they are usually approached by members of the Davidian Community (under the name “Young Disciples of Jesus” [YD]) who are called “guides” (author’s translation). They are invited to a free Bible study and taught forty lessons which are called “forty Taos.” Attendees usually receive at least one lesson per day. After finishing these lessons, attendees report they are asked questions that lead them to the conclusion that David Jang is the Second Coming Christ.

Brother EN, who joined YD in 2001, recalls, after the “Forty Taos” they had a celebration party for him. At the party, their leader, a Korean sister, asked him: “What differences do you feel in this place?” EN answered: “Genuine love. Very warm.” She replied, “Only those who have faith can understand the difference. At that time, by his faith, Peter recognized Jesus was the Christ, what do you think?” EN answered, “Jesus is with us.” She asked again, “Only those who have faith can see, do we have love?” EN answered, “Yes.” She then asked, “The one who has greater love is Msni (David Jang). If Christ has come, he must be very special. All these ‘Forty Taos’ you have listened to were written by him, which is the highest revelation. So, what do you think?” He finally understood what she expected him to answer, and said, “Msni is the Christ.” Then everyone applauded, and praised aloud, “Thank the Lord, thank the Lord.”[3]

Esther (Ma Li) and another girl were asked the same question after they had listened to the “Eschatology,” “Time and Date,” and “New Israel” lectures. Zhang Naiwen, Esther’s teacher, asked them: “Who is Rev. David?” Being completely convinced, Esther answered without hesitation, “The Second Coming Christ!” Then, based on Matthew 7:6, she and other members were told not to tell anyone else. She reports both of them were told that they were reborn. They signed the member card and were declared members.[4]

Former leaders of the Davidian Community from Korea and Singapore shared similar experiences.[5] Those who joined them were soon required to work for affiliated companies and to give money to the Community. EN finally left the Community, but was identified as the one who puts his hand to the plow and looks back, therefore not fit for the kingdom of God.[6]

Since those former members are from different countries yet are telling very similar if not the same stories, we may conclude that although it is possible that all of them are lying, it is unlikely. This writer would need more evidence to be convinced that all of those witnesses are lying.

Possibility Two

Now let us consider the second possibility. Is David Jang telling the truth or is he a skillful liar? Sources show that David Jang was a follower of Sun-Myung Moon for 31 years, and he was a core member of the Unification Church. He was charged with promoting Unification Theology. It was said that he first denied his long time experience in the Unification Church, then reinterpreted his years in the Unification Church (e.g., he was not teaching Unification Theology, but saving people from the Unification Church), and finally wrote a letter of repentance.[7] This writer cannot help but wonder what really happened to David Jang. Was he actually a follower of Sun-Myung Moon? Sources show that David Jang was married among 1,800 couples in a mass wedding presided over by Moon in February 1975. One of the qualifications for participating in Moon’s mass wedding was to believe Sun-Myung Moon was the Second Coming Christ.[8] Did Mr. Jang believe that Sun-Myung Moon was the Second Coming Christ? If so, when did he change his mind? How did that change happen? David Jang definitely has a great testimony to tell. God may use his testimony to lead more Unification Church members back to God.

On the other hand, some participants in the “Forty Taos” series have reported that, based on Matthew 7:6, members were taught not to share the teaching with those who are biased, lest they may not believe what they say and turn back to accuse them.[9] These claim that David Jang was following the strategy in this teaching when he denied that he claimed to be the Second Coming Christ, perhaps following the example of Sun Myung Moon, who for a long time did not reveal himself to be the “Lord of the Second Advent.”

However, even if David Jang’s experience in the Unification Church is true, and even if he used to accept people believing him as the Second Coming Christ, if he has genuinely repented, all evangelical Christians would be more than willing to embrace him as a brother in Christ. We were all someone else before we accepted Jesus Christ as our Savior and Lord, just as the Apostle Paul says, “where sin increased, grace abounded all the more” (Rom 5:20). However, all of us would really want David Jang to share his spiritual journey openly before all could embrace him as our brother with complete confidence and without any concern.

Possibility Three

How about the third possibility? Is it possible that David Jang was a genuine orthodox Christian from the beginning or has genuinely repented from the Unification Church, but his followers somehow came up with the teaching that David Jang is the Second Coming Christ which was unknown to him? Before discussing the possibility, let us first take a look at the teachings reported of David Jang’s followers.  

      What Are These Controversial Teachings?

According to a sermon preached by one of David Jang’s followers Pastor Paul, God restores the fallen world through three periods of time. He cites Mark 4:28, “first the stalk, then the head, then the full grain in the head.” These three images represent the Old Testament era, the New Testament era, and the era of (another) New Covenant respectively. The Old Testament era was an era of law; the New Testament era was an era of Gospel, and now we are entering a New Era, which is another Gospel era, oriented by the Second Coming Christ’s teaching, which is the eternal Gospel.[10] In the New Testament era, Jesus separates the era of “the stalk” and the era of “the head.” Jesus taught in parables. The one who separates the ear of “the head” and the era of “bearing fruit” will be this Second Coming Christ who preaches the Eternal Gospel crystal clearly.

David Jang’s sermon “Time and Date” divides the history of the world by millenniums. Genesis covers the first two thousand years. The last figure in Genesis is Joseph, who is the image of Jesus. Joseph was sold by Judah, but he finally forgave Judah. The rest of the Old Testament also covers two thousand years. Jesus Christ separates the Old Testament and the New Testament. Jesus was also sold by a Judah (Judas), but he also forgave him. Therefore, David Jang concludes, there is a great change every two thousand years. Now we are at another point of the two thousand year period. God chose Israel in the Old Testament era. He chose Christians in the New Testament era. God is going to choose a New Israel for the coming new era. These are the 144,000 people in Revelation 7.[11] They are not the only people who are saved, but they set a model for the Kingdom of God. We can become one of the 144,000. In Revelation 1:7, we read, “He is coming with the clouds”: “‘The clouds’ mean witnesses, not real clouds.” Being caught up in the clouds to meet the Lord in 2 Thessalonians means experiencing an inner change in our lives. The sermon argues that the kingdom of heaven is not in heaven, but on earth.[12]

How can one become one of the 144,000? Another sermon teaches, if one signs the member card of this movement, that one will be counted.[13] Who, then, can sign the member card? Testimonies of former YD members report that, although they might be directed in different ways, all finally were convinced and confessed that David Jang was the Second Coming Christ. And then they were told that that day was their “re-born day.” Then they would sign the member card.

The testimonies of the former believers seem to accord with the sermons. What is the problem with these teachings?

      What’s Wrong with Their Teachings?

According to the testimonies of former followers of David Jang, those who confessed David Jang to be the Second Coming Christ were called re-born.[14] It appears that the problem of the Davidian groups is in their soteriology (doctrine of salvation). However, this is probably not the main issue. As explained in the sermon “Eschatology,” adherents do not claim that only those who follow them or believe in David Jang are saved. Those who sign the member card are among the 144,000 who are “the first fruit.” Technically, “reborn” is not an accurate word, since it might suggest they do not rely on the cross for their salvation. This is not these former adherents’ complaint.

The major problems appear to be with the movement’s Christology[15] and Eschatology.[16] In the sermon “Time and Date,” Jesus is said to have used mainly parables to preach the gospel, thereby contrasting him with the Second Coming Christ who will proclaim the Eternal Gospel plainly. Human history has been divided into 2 millenniums (creation to Joseph) + 2 millenniums (Joseph to Jesus) + 2 millenniums (Jesus to the Second Coming Jesus). Therefore, their arguments seem to be that there is no question of the date of the Second Coming. It has to be the second millennia A.D. “The era of the fruit is right in front of us,” Pastor Borah Lin assures us.[17]

If the Second Coming Jesus has already come, then the logical question would be: Who is he? In “Time and Date,” Pastor Borah does not appear to ask, “when will Jesus come,” but “who brings the Eternal Gospel?” The assumption is that the Second Coming Jesus is not Jesus of Nazareth but another.

Since the Second Coming Jesus is already on earth, the Rapture that Paul describes in 1 Thessalonians 4:15-17 cannot be a literal rapture. One possibility would be that it is an internal change, as described in “Time and Date” and “Eschatology.”[18]

Once one accepts such teachings, if asked, “Who do you think Pastor David Jang is?” one is reported to be guided by questions to the conclusion that he is the Second Coming Jesus, because all the sermons studied are said to be have been written by him. Therefore, he is the one who explains this “Eternal Gospel” in such a plain way.

Such a teaching, of course, would contradict both the Bible and the Creeds of the early church. First, concerning the date of the Second Coming, Jesus Christ said, “No one knows about that day or hour, not even the angels in heaven, nor the Son, but only the Father” (Mark 13:32).[19] Therefore, any person or group declaring to know the date must be mistaken. Second, Jesus told his disciples, “If I go and prepare a place for you, I will come again and will take you to myself, so that where I am, there you may be also” (John 14:3). Moreover, right after Jesus’ ascension, the angels said to the disciples, “This Jesus, who has been taken up from you into heaven, will come in the same way as you saw him go into heaven” (Acts 1:11). It is very clear that the same Jesus will come back. The Nicene Creed also confesses that “He (Jesus Christ) shall come again, with glory, to judge the quick and the dead.”[20] Anyone or any group who declares that the Second Coming Jesus is not the same Jesus must be heretical. The Nicene Creed confesses that Jesus Christ is “God of God…very God of very God.”[21] The Chalcedonian Creed also confesses that Jesus Christ is “consubstantial with the Father according to the Godhead.”[22] If we accept a conflicting teaching that the time of the Second Coming of Christ can be known, and the “Second Coming Christ” is not the same person as Jesus of Nazareth, we would have to admit at the same time that what is reported in the New Testament that Jesus and the angels told the disciples was not true. This would diminish Jesus to either an intentional liar or a mistaken person who honestly said something that was not true. In either case, Jesus could be anyone, but not fully God, since he was not perfect. But the Scriptures tell us he was the “unblemished” sacrifice for our sin (Heb 9:14). Last but not least, although the Davidian Community teachers are not reported to have specifically taught that salvation belongs only to them, by identifying those who have left their movement as not fit for the kingdom of God, they are implying such a theology, which apparently contradicts the biblical teaching that, through believing Jesus Christ, we are saved (John 3:16; Rom 4:24).

      Back to the Third Possibility

Former believers testified that they were told that the “Forty Taos” and other sermons were written by David Jang, which was key in leading them to conclude that David Jang is the Second Coming Christ.[23] While they report that Davidian teachers did not directly teach that, witnesses testify, they were asked “two plus two equals?” questions to let these listeners themselves come up with the answer “four,” but “no one said ‘four’ directly.”[24] Did David Jang really write these sermons to declare himself the Second Coming Christ or are those teachers mistaken in their interpretation of his instructions?

If David Jang wrote these sermons with such an intention, it would be impossible for us to accept his teaching as orthodox. Therefore, it would be best once more for David Jang to explain what he really believes and intends to convey in his sermons, in his teaching, and in the interpretations of his instructors and their followers. If David Jang did not write any of the sermons, and he neither believes the above, then his followers may be promoting heretical teaching in his name. This is a very serious problem, because his followers would be making up sermons to lead people to confess that David Jang is the Second Coming Christ, and be claiming that the sermons were written by him with this intention.

Ben Dookey in his article in Mother Jones claims that David Jang knew his followers were spreading the message.[25] If this charge is not true and Rev. Jang is really opposed to such a monstrous interpretation, our plea is that he clearly forbid anyone in his movement to make such a blasphemous claim and even expel those who continue to do so.

Conclusion

We certainly do not want to see an innocent person wrongly charged. At the same time, we cannot call anyone who is heretical in his or her teaching our dear brother or sister in Christ. That is why we wrote this article, with a hope that David Jang would help us clear up the mystery by answering the questions raised in this article by sympathetic but puzzled and inquiring Christian people.

When this blog was first published on Christian Post, this post and our original blog were all deleted by the CP administration within two hours.

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[1] David Jang, “Biography of David Jang,” accessed Sept. 22, 2014, http://www.davidjang.org/biography/profile.

[2] Michelle A. Vu, “Sources in ‘Second Coming Christ Controversy’ Face Scrutiny,” Christian Post, Aug. 19, 2012, http://www.christianpost.com/news/olivet-university-sources-in-second-coming-christ-controversy-face-scrutiny-80176/pageall.html. Accessed Sept. 22, 2014.

[3] EN, “The Testimony of EN,” in Clear the Fog & Reveal the Truth, by K.Y. Cheung Teng (Hong Kong: Concern Group on Newly Emerged Religions, 2008), http://www.cgner.org/Books/TS001/TS001.pdf.

[4] Ma Li, “The Inerasable Memory,” in Clear the Fog & Reveal the Truth, by K.Y. Cheung Teng (Hong Kong: Concern Group on Newly Emerged Religions, 2008), http://www.cgner.org/Books/TS001/TS001.pdf.

[5] Davidian Watcher, “Important: Full Text of the Testimony of A Former Pastor of the Davidian Community,” Collections on the “Davidian Community,” Sept. 22, 2008, http://dqac.blogspot.com/2008/09/blog-post.html. Accessed Sep. 22, 2014. Ted Olsen and Ken Smith, “The Second Coming Christ Controversy: More Leaders Speak Out,” ChristianityToday.com, Sept. 12, 2012, http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2012/september-web-only/david-jang-second-coming-christ-singapore.html. Accessed Sept. 22, 2014.

[6] EN, “The Testimony of EN.”

[7] Davidian Watcher, “Discussion on Rev. Jang Jae-Hyung’s Ministry in the Unification Church (I),” Collections on the “Davidian Community,” Dec. 1, 2007, http://dqac.blogspot.com/2007/12/blog-post.html; Davidian Watcher, “Discussion on Rev. Jang Jae-Hyung’s Ministry in the Unification Church (II),” Collections on the “Davidian Community,” December 1, 2007, http://dqac.blogspot.com/2007/12/blog-post_01.html; Davidian Watcher, “Discussion on Rev. Jang Jae-Hyung’s Ministry in the Unification Church (III),” Collections on the “Davidian Community,” Dec. 1, 2007, http://dqac.blogspot.com/2007/12/blog-post_9742.html.

[8] K.Y. Cheung Teng, An Analytical Study on the Continuous Controversies Stirred Up by David Jang, trans. Kitty Lau and Elaine Yip, Sept. 9, 2012, http://wiki.cgner.org/index.php?title=An_Analytical_Study_on_the_Continuous_Controversies_Stirred_Up_by_David_Jang. Accessed Sept. 22, 2014.

[9] H. T., “I Will Never Forget Them,” Research on Young Disciples of Jesus, May 31, 2008, http://ydwatcher.blogspot.com/2008/05/ht.html. Accessed Oct. 7, 2014.

[10] Paul Zhao, “Time and Date,” accessed Sept. 22, 2014, http://wiki.cgner.org/index.php?title=DJC01031. Pastor Borah preached the same sermon on July 20, 2002. See https://drive.google.com/drive/#folders/0B-XDVS0sdeUENUU2WWpzUG15Mnc/0B-XDVS0sdeUEZXRCa1JHeFNJdU0. Accessed Sept. 23, 2014. We are not sure if they are the same person or not.

[11] Provided by Former YD Member, “New Israel,” accessed Sept. 22, 2014, http://wiki.cgner.org/index.php?title=DJC01031. For similar sermons on “New Israel” preached by followers of David Jang in English and German, see Preachers of the Davidian Community, “New Israel,” 2002-2006, https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-XDVS0sdeUENEtGaWo2eXUxZHc&usp=sharing. Accessed Sept. 22, 2014.

[12] Provided by Former YD Member, “Eschatology,” accessed Sept. 22, 2014, http://wiki.cgner.org/index.php?title=DJC01005_B.

[13] Provided by Former YD Member, “Four Spiritual ‘Taos,’” accessed Sept. 22, 2014, http://wiki.cgner.org/index.php?title=DJC01006_B.

[14] Ma Li, “The Inerasable Memory.”

[15] “Christology” is doctrine concerned with revelation of God in Jesus Christ.

[16] “Eschatology” is doctrine of the last things or the final events of humanity.

[17] Pastor Borah, “Time and Date,” July 20, 2002, https://drive.google.com/drive/#folders/0B-XDVS0sdeUENUU2WWpzUG15Mnc/0B-XDVS0sdeUEZXRCa1JHeFNJdU0. Accessed Sept. 23, 2014.

[18] Provided by Former YD Member, “Eschatology.”

[19] See also Millard J. Erickson, Christian Theology, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Books, 2007), 1194.

[20] “Nicene Creed,” accessed Sept. 23, 2014, https://www.ccel.org/creeds/nicene.creed.html.

[21] Ibid.

[22] “Chalcedonian Creed,” accessed Sept. 23, 2014, https://www.ccel.org/creeds/chalcedonian-creed.html.

[23] K.Y. Cheung Teng, Clear the Fog & Reveal the Truth (Hong Kong: Concern Group on Newly Emerged Religions, 2008), 16, 118, http://www.cgner.org/Books/TS001/TS001.pdf.

[24] Ben Dooley, “Who’s Behind Newsweek?,” Mother Jones, March 2014, http://www.motherjones.com/media/2014/03/newsweek-ibt-olivet-david-jang. Accessed Sept. 23, 2014.

[25] Ken Smith, “David Jang Summary,” Confessions of a Would-Be Theologian, Jan. 6, 2014, http://blog.wouldbetheologian.com/2014/01/david-jang-summary.html. Accessed Sept. 23, 2014.